SASI acknowledges the support of the following funding agencies:

Brot Für die Welt (BROT), Department for International Development (DFID),
Broederlijk Delen (BD), Bischöfliches Hilfswerk Misereor E.V., Breadline Africa,
First Rand Foundation, UNESCO Cultural Policies Division, Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA), Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), and Evangelische Entwicklungs Dienste (EED).

The SASI CRAM programme wishes to acknowledge the work and co-operation of the following organisations and persons:

The South African National Parks. Prof Anne Rasa of Kalahari Trails for co-operation on the tracking project. Dr Kevin Kuykendal of the Wits Department of Anatomy and Palaeontology who assisted with scanning of the 1936 photographic material. Regional network associates Willemien Leroux (TOCADI, Botswana) and Magdalena Brörman (WIMSA, Windhoek).

Community researchers in 2001 were:
Anna Aenki Kassie, |Una Rooi, Khais Brow, Piet Rooi, Jacob and Lena Malgas, Karel VetPiet Kleinman, the late Antas Kruiper Kariseb, the late |Galides Kruiper Org, Dawid Kariseb, Anna Swarts, Annie Koerant, Elsie Vaalbooi, Johanna Sauls Koper, Andries Olyn, Lena Booysen, Jantjies Malgas, the late Maria Malgas, the late Jan Jantjies and Hendrina Malgas.

VISION

The San peoples of southern Africa will achieve permanent control over their lives, resources and destiny.

MISSION

SASI is an independent, Non-Governmental Organisation that mobilises resources for the benefit of the San peoples of southern Africa as mandated by the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and other San organisations.
We do this through activities such as community mobilisation, fundraising, lobbying, networking, training, building strategic alliances and capacity building on issues related to culture, language, income-generation, health and social environment, and land rights.

‡Khi. !U. |Arosi.

‡Khi. !U. |Arosi are the N|u names of trees in the southern Kalahari. In !Ui San languages there is no generic word for a tree as each individual tree matters. Each tree is an ecosystem unto itself. Each tree features in the memories of N||n‡e elders during their long exile into townships and poverty.
Now a new generation is discovering the meaning of trees. At Platfontein, new trees will be planted for the next generation of !Xun and Khwe people to enjoy. In Siyanda District, San youth go with the elders to hear stories of how previous generations cared for the land and lived wisely in the shade of the different trees. SASI is committed to this process of remembering the past and caring for the future.

about the past, about the future
SASI's work is often about the past. Land claims and restitution rely on the memory of the elders, on maps of the land and on continuity of occupation. People prove their claims with old photographs, with their stories, their language, and their heritage.
SASI's work is also about the future: about the youth. Many of these young people have never seen a wild animal, have never been in a trance dance, and know little about how to benefit from the resources offered by trees in the desert. They are re-inventing what it means to be San. They are redefining themselves.
In Botswana, San youth are learning how to handle Global Positioning Systems to chart the territory of their elders. In South Africa, San youth use koki pens to trace the family trees of their relatives. In Namibia, San youth learn about managing conservancy areas and how to record life histories with tape recorders and computers. These are the fruits of the SASI-WIMSA tree. In all three countries youth are providing the motivation for turning their ancestral languages into written media with standardised alphabets.

about the youth
SASI's Annual Review 2002 is dedicated to the San youth. In December 2001, there was a historic gathering of !Xun, Khwe and ‡Khomani youth at Platfontein. They called their jamboree Boomvisie - Tree Vision. At the end of the encounter the youth asked to meet with their leaders, the San Council of South Africa. San Council spokesperson Petrus Vaalbooi, a ‡Khomani activist, listened to the words of the youth. They called for inclusivity, democracy, anti-racism, gender equity and accountable leadership.
Vaalbooi told the youth: "It is the tall tree that catches the wind. You must be brave to stand by your convictions. The world will test you". But just as the tree survives the biting wind, extreme heat, bitter cold and blowing sands, so can a whole generation survive when it is part of a bigger entity. The San family tree has its roots in the soil. It is willing to bear up to the challenges that will try to knock it over.

"It is the tall tree that catches the wind."

The South African San Institute Staff

Cape Town
Rein Dekker Co-ordinator
Meryl-Joy Wildschut Deputy Co-ordinator
Dewald Coetzee Administrative Assistant
Roger Chennells Legal Programme
Nigel Crawhall Culture and Heritage Management Programme

Facilitators
Prof. Mariaane Roux Resource Library Programme
Abubakr Shabudien Website and Materials Development
Yasmine Jacobs Archivist and Computer Training
Margery Tyack Bookkeeping and Financial Administration
Glynis Lawrence Bookkeeping and Financial Administration
Rodney Calvert Organisational Development

Northern Cape
Tomsen Nore Trainee Development Facilitator
Amanda Swart Gender Advocacy
Rieden Dankane Resettlement Fieldworker

Upington and Sîsen Craft Project
Eleanor McGregor Ethno-ecologist
Anna Festus Youth Facilitator
Magdalena Kassie CRAM Fieldworker
Gertuida Sauls CRAM Fieldworker
Betta Steyn Sîsen Craft Project
Lizelle Kleynhans Tracker training
Karel Kleinman Ethno-ecological Research and Training
Nanette Fleming Literacy

International Partners
Hugh Brody Open Channels, UK
Bill Kemp Strata 360, Canada
Valter Blazevic Strata 360, Canada

Building SASI in South Africa

The South African San Council

In September 2001, representatives from !Xun, Khwe and ‡Khomani communities met at Platfontein to establish the first South African San Council. Communities were well represented by various sectors such as youth, elders and members of the Communal Property Associations (CPAs). Also present were two representatives of the KwaZulu-Natal San. At this historic meeting each community selected three representatives to serve on the council, and the KwaZulu-Natal San will have observer status until they are more organised.
The formation of the South African San Council was in accordance with a decision taken at a San Regional meeting held in Cape Town in November 1999. At this meeting SASI was requested to investigate the feasibility of establishing a San council by holding a series of consultative meetings and workshops with community leaders.

on the agenda
In subsequent workshops the San Council has developed and adopted its constitution, elected office bearers and formulated policies and procedures. Portfolio Committees have been established in the following areas: Heritage, Finance, Development and Media Liaison. The primary task of the Council since its inception has been negotiations with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) on behalf of the San of southern Africa, under the umbrella of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA). These negotiations revolve around sharing the profits that are likely to be the result of the patenting and commercialisation of a slimming drug made from the Hoodia plant.
An additional matter of concern for the San Council has been the negotiations with the KwaZulu-Natal Bureau for Natural Resources regarding the San Rock Art Project in the Drakensberg. This project has unfortunately been planned to an advance stage without consultation with the San.

The Khoe and San Language Body

In the lead-up to the new Constitution of 1996, South African legislators searched for a solution to the divisive language policy of the Apartheid era. Legislation was passed to create the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) which would unite language groups and co-ordinate language development, the promotion of multilingualism, and the protection of language rights.
PanSALB set up fourteen National Language Bodies, one for each official language. In addition, Language Bodies were set up for Sign Language, Heritage Languages, and, in 1999, for the Khoe and San Languages. There are about ten thousand South Africans who speak one of the Khoe, Ju or !Ui languages in the country. These include Khoekhoegowab (Nama), !Xun, Khwedam and N|u. There may still be speakers of Griqua (Xirigowab) but these have yet to be positively identified.
The process of creating the Khoe and San Language Body and providing training for its members was fully supported by SASI. However, the Khoe and San Language Body remains fairly weak despite support from PanSALB. There is inadequate technical support and limited internal capacity for budgeting and operations. This is compounded by the absence of a secretariat to support the structure, and of a clear development and training programme for its members.
The tiny N|u speaking community of twenty people in Siyanda District elected two representatives to sit on the Khoe and San Language Body. Aenki Kassie and Johanna Koper were elected and have attended several meetings. PanSALB has yet to acknowledge their election to the Khoe and San Language Body.

challenges
During the period under review, the Khoe and San Language Body had several meetings to review its progress and write letters to various government departments. Khoe and San Language Body Chairperson, Willem Damarah, has written to the government complaining of the use of the word Gariep for the Orange River complex. The correct name, Kai !Garib, Damarah argues, is being marginalised in favour of an Afrikaans version of the name.
The Northern Cape government commissioned research into the implementation of a curriculum in the indigenous languages. A single community pilot was launched in !Gupus in the Richtersveld. The Khoe and San Language Body has pushed for an expansion of this pilot programme. The government is exploring the logistics for launching Khoekhoegowab initial literacy projects in several villages.
A more complex and urgent problem exists for the !Xun and Khwedam languages which do not have set official orthographies. WIMSA sponsored an important meeting of Khwedam, Ju|'hoansi, !Xun and other San language groups in Windhoek in April 2001. The meeting, representing San speakers of the different languages from three countries, made a series of recommendations which are contained in the Penduka Declaration. Amongst these was a call for inter-governmental co-operation to ensure a single Khwedam and ||Anikhwedam alphabet for the three countries, and an initiative to standardise !Xun along the lines of the Ju alphabet currently used in Namibia by Ju|'hoansi speakers. The Namibian Institute for Educational Development sponsored a joint Ju|'hoansi and !Xun workshop on orthographic review in January 2002. It is however not clear who is going to take responsibility for supporting the San activists in achieving the required orthographic standardisation. This is an area that requires urgent attention.
There remains an urgent need for San leaders to develop capacity to work with government. Not only must they rapidly become experts in a number of fields, but they must contend with the frustrating problems of weak communication and capacity on the part of government and para-governmental structures.

Skills training

SASI itself has adopted the policy of supporting the development of skills of its staff as well as members of the community who have shown leadership potential and the willingness to serve their respective communities through the various projects. Training, in the period under review, has included developing computer literacy, secretarial skills, bookkeeping skills, and obtaining drivers' licenses.

Gender and Youth Advocacy Project

This project was initiated to assist youth and women from South African San communities to build advocacy capacity. By stimulating the formation and organisational development of sustainable structures, youth and women can help defend indigenous peoples' rights to equality and cultural survival.

aims
The project aims to achieve the following results:

• The establishment of effective communications networks
• The support of small scale projects
• The facilitation of linkages between youth and parents, government and the NGO sector
• The improvement in skewed gender imbalances between women and men within organisations and communities

YOUTH

During the year under review, the youth participated in various workshops and meetings. It became evident from these gatherings that most San youth have low self-esteem. This results in a lack of vision and in exposure to high levels of violence and substance abuse. In addition, low self-esteem results in the youth undervaluing cultural identity.
The year culminated in an historic summit of youth from three San communities at the beginning of the Christmas vacation period. The summit allowed youth to reflect on their history and to begin to explore the challenges and opportunities that face them in a positive way.

summit resolutions
Some of the key resolutions to emerge from the summit were:

• The San youth must receive education and training in technology, the prevention of crime and rape, the role of the army, tourism, emergency services, culture and traditional knowledge. The latter should include ethno-botany, tracking, language and traditional dance
• There should be proper communication and exchange of ideas between the ‡Khomani, Khwe and !Xun San youth to enable them to work together and build their communities
• There should be development of the San culture, management of cultural resources and encouragement of cultural practices
• The San youth must promote proper governance in the country
• Youth centres should be erected in places where San youth live
• The craft of the adults should be taught to the youth
• Recreation facilities should be made available to the youth
• Youth should have access to financial support for tertiary education
• A San youth council should be established

GENDER

The !Xun and Khwe women's group held discussions, workshops and excursions that explored the themes of identity and the role of San women in their communities, as well as in today's world. As the development of the !Xun and Khwe township has begun, themes such as resettlement of the community, women in construction (with the view to women being involved in the development of their town) and access to service providers have also been discussed.

aims
The aims of these theme-based workshops were twofold:

• To encourage women to become more involved in activities and issues that have a direct impact on their lives
• To reflect on the causes of the marginalisation of women

Youth activists Anna Festus, of the ‡Khomani community, and Billies Pamo, trainee social worker of the !Xun and Khwe Communal Property Association, facilitated initiatives amongst the youth. Amanda Swart facilitated the Women's group at Platfontein. SASI partners in this project were the Family and Marriage Council of South Africa (FAMSA), the National Institute for Crime Prevention and Re-integration of Offenders (NICRO) and School Leavers Opportunity Training (SLOT).

SASI Research and Resource Development Project

the resource library programme

The long-term goal of the Resource Library Programme is to facilitate a process of sharing library and research information with cross-border San communities, as well as other communities supported by SASI. More specifically, the project aims to establish a quality resource base containing historical, ethnographic, anthropological, archaeological, developmental and practical knowledge. These resources will be made available to San communities both in South Africa and throughout southern Africa. The existence of such a comprehensive resource base has the potential to contribute towards strengthening both SASI support organisations and regional structures.
Over the past two years considerable progress has been made towards the development of a quality resource base, despite severe budgetary limitations. A review has been made of relevant literature on the southern African San in the fields of anthropology, archaeology and participatory research methodology, amongst others. Primary and secondary sources have been catalogued and entered into a new computer programme, which is user-friendly and easy to access. Government information, such as Government Gazettes (on issues related to minority rights, rural development, access to land, education, health, welfare and pensions) have been collected and filed. SASI has also built up a collection of newspaper clippings that record significant events in recent San history.
Since the new computer programme has been installed, over 800 records have been captured onto the new database. This programme has been designed to handle sophisticated queries with relative ease. The library also contains some valuable books which are out of print.

website development

During the last quarter of 2001, SASI contracted a consultant to redesign and develop the san.org.za website. The idea was to increase the web presence of all the San peoples throughout southern Africa. In October a preliminary plan was presented to the board, which proposed the development of an online San Gateway that would include all WIMSA member organisations and service structures. The website was successfully transferred to a different host server and the new site went online.
The san.org.za website has become very active. During the first four months online, the website enjoyed more than 32 000 server requests with the average weekly requests numbering 1 640. Most visitors to the site during this period were from the USA, followed by South Africa, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Web visitors from Iceland, Cyprus and Vanuatu also logged on. Internet users from educational institutions and NGOs accounted for a significant part of visitors to the site. The development of the san.org.za website is a major task facing SASI. We expect the site to grow significantly in the year ahead.

challenges
SASI anticipates the existing collection's expansion, through the purchasing of selected books and through networking with institutions and researchers located in the Western Cape. Resources will be made available to organisations involved in research and development through the establishment of the san.org.za website which will be continually updated. It is envisaged that the website will include information on all aspects of San life and history.

Culture and Heritage Management Programme

Cultural Resources Auditing and Management Project, Southern Kalahari

Cultural Resources Auditing and Management Project (CRAM) came about at the request of the traditional leader, Dawid Kruiper, and was confirmed by a needs analysis with the core ‡Khomani community. It is conducted under contract with the ‡Khomani San Communal Property Association.

phases of the CRAM programme

The work on CRAM is divided into phases. Each phase makes provision for sharing CRAM's experience with other communities:

Phase of Programme	Implementation schedule	Current status
Needs analysis, pilot projects and project design	1997-1998	completed
Auditing of cultural / intellectual resources in the community	1999-2001	completed
Development of a training and management programme for cultural resources and the management of intellectual property	2001-2003	underway
Support for San-controlled income generation projects that use cultural and intellectual resources in a sustainable and dignified manner	2002 - 2005	project plan developed, funding being sought
Sharing the Southern Kalahari experience and model with other communities in the region	2001 - 2005	first workshops completed, materials produced

CRAM reached the end of its second phase in 2001. For three years, a partnership between three NGOs, SASI, Open Channels and Strata 360, has helped the ‡Khomani San of the southern Kalahari identify their threatened cultural resources and intellectual property. An inventory has been compiled and samples have been collected in the form of interviews, photographs, maps, posters and ethno-botanical / ecological research.
Phase 3, the most complex component of the project, was initiated in 2001-2002. This involves creating a bridge between the elders with the knowledge and the youth looking to draw on their heritage as a way of building a sustainable future. Youth look to CRAM for livelihood skills (tracking, ecological knowledge, heritage interpretation), for a sense of self and a sense of community (genealogy, history, ethnography).
CRAM helps people rebuild their lives after the era of apartheid, and with trying to change the way people think of the Kalahari and the people who live there. There are a number of opportunities for the Southern Kalahari San to exploit their cultural and indigenous knowledge systems to build a better future. Examples of these include: using traditional knowledge as a bridge to advanced literacy and science education, managing tourism projects for their own benefit, joint management of and desirable employment in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP), maintenance of a traditional health care system and improving their diet by eating traditional foods.
The diaspora and dispossession of the Southern San have meant that the traditional knowledge base has been fractured and eroded. Elders are spread out over hundreds of kilometres, each with fragments of a knowledge system in his or her head. Lack of access to wild lands and hunting has meant that hunting and tracking skills are dying out rapidly. Lack of access to plants in the desert means that food and medicinal knowledge is also rapidly dying out. Urbanisation, isolation and assimilation mean that even the languages are dying out.

CRAM in 2001 - 2002

resettlement
A number of families from township settlements around Upington were able to resettle in the Kalahari on farms returned to the community subsequent to the successful 1999 land claim. Other families from desert towns such as Rietfontein and Welkom also moved onto farms that had been transferred to the community by the land claim.
From May 2000, SASI was not responsible for the resettlement process or for land management on the reclaimed farms. This responsibility was divided between the ‡Khomani San Communal Property Association, government and another NGO. The process was unplanned and ad hoc, leaving many of the elders stranded in difficult situations in townships around the Siyanda District and Postmasburg districts.

training and support
SASI contracted with the CPA to continue to provide support and training for Cultural Resource Management. Three workshops were run with the CPA dealing with ethnography / genealogy and registration, with the results of CRAM and the implications for management.
SASI assisted Françoise Steyn in the development of a highly successful craft co-operative based at Andriesvale. The core of the craft project involved resettled people whose families have been involved in CRAM research and auditing. CRAM provided photographs of traditional beadwork and images of elders that stimulated further interest in beadwork development within the co-operative.
The most important CRAM initiatives involved starting to train youth in skills deriving from the Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) of the elders. Training included tracker training on surrounding farms for adolescents. Five introductory tracking courses were run in the second half of 2001. Most of these were conducted at Kalahari Trails guest farm. Training was provided by master tracker, Karel Kleinman. This project is due for expansion in 2002. SASI and Open Channels also funded community initiatives to introduce language and IKS to children at the Andriesvale crèche.
Throughout the year ethno-ecologist Eleanor McGregor worked with the San elders to record botanical knowledge, including traditional medicinal knowledge. This material fed into the tracker training project and into a youth summit held for San youth from the ‡Khomani, !Xun and Khwe communities in December 2001. McGregor, along with San fieldworker Magdalena Kassie and her mother Aenki Kassie, gave a series of lectures at local high schools about San history and IKS. The response was enthusiastic and SASI is exploring how to expand the schools component.
McGregor and community spokesperson Andries Steenkamp travelled to Geneva to give a presentation on how WIMSA and the ‡Khomani community had co-operated to challenge the exclusion of the San from the commercial exploitation of the plant, Hoodia Gordonii (see legal project review on page x).

intellectual property rights
Intellectual property rights are a major component of CRAM training, particularly with youth and elders. Additional support was provided by SASI's legal programme. As a result, there is a greater awareness of intellectual property rights in the community, but the practical administration of these rights remains weak. Elders and others in the community find contracting with some external agencies difficult, particularly with film projects. Some film projects came via the SASI office and were subject to the WIMSA guidelines and fair payment practices. Others went directly via individuals in the community. In some cases this led to disputes and conflict.

registration lists
Fieldworkers Magdalena Kassie and Gertuida Sauls concentrated on creating a community-based checking mechanism for the disputed registration list. CRAM research indicated that more than two thirds of the San community was still not registered. At the same time there was conflict arising from people accusing each other of not being San. With the agreement of the CPA, the field workers established a working group of elders to scrutinise the entire registration list based on genealogy and community history. This exercise has led to a coherent statement on the ethnography of the community, more complex than originally understood, and a scrutinised list of members. The CPA has been provided with a set of questions on the principles of membership, including issues of adoption and relatives of non-San people who have married into the claimant group.

tourism development
In March 2002, the ‡Khomani community hosted a visit by 18 American university exchange students. This visit, organised with the School for International Training, was part of a pilot effort to develop tourism products in the San community. The students met with field workers and N|u speaking elders in Upington. In the Kalahari, they went tracking, watched a traditional dance, visited the craft projects and went on a donkey cart ride.
The working plan for tourism development anticipates an acceleration of the IKS training projects, an emphasis on livelihoods arising from the co-management of conservation areas and the creation of a cyber economy in the Kalahari. San youth have shown a keen interest in developing their computer skills. The IKS training projects lend themselves to online representation. This material can be of educational value to other communities, as well as serve to market San products and services.

CRAM products

A number of CRAM products were finalised in 2001-2002.
Maps: The project team completed two series of posters. The first deals with the place names in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. It provides the name of each site with an accurate GPS reading. The meanings and histories of the place names are given. All of the information comes from four elders who are depicted on the map. The second series deals with the heritage of trees in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Elders recount the history of four trees in the Park. Each one reveals a different facet of San heritage. Most of the stories date from 1935.
Interviews and Timelines: Transcripts were archived along with the photographic collection from CRAM. Poster development has been scheduled for 2002-2003.
Language Products: ‡Khomani field workers entered negotiation with government on the publication of some of their myths. A comparative analysis of N|u to its neighbouring extinct languages has been completed, shedding some light on the historic population movements. A dialect analysis was completed, which demonstrated three main variations within the N|u speech community.
Genealogy: Field workers began the process of capturing the genealogical data on specialised software. An intensive review of all the names on the San land claim membership list was conducted by Magdalena Kassie and Gertruida Sauls. This involved interviewing elders from each major family and identifying any problem areas, such as adoptions or siblings of people married into the community. This material is being used by the CPA to consolidate its membership list.
Community Film: A rough cut of the community film was produced and workshopped with the fieldworking team.
Archival Database: SASI and Open Channels hired an archivist to label all components of the CRAM materials (reports, photos, digital recordings, tapes, films, maps, field notes). These were entered into an electronic archive. Research was initiated to identify archival materials from the southern Kalahari held by other institutions, such as the University of Vienna's 1906 audio-visual material. SASI entered negotiations with Wits University on the return of the 1936 photographic exhibition from the British Empire Exhibition. Wits assisted with creating digital scans of the material.

UNESCO co-operation
SASI entered a second year of co-operation with the Cultural Policies Division of UNESCO headquarters. UNESCO funded the publication of a report on CRAM methodology, entitled Written in the Sand. The report, written by Nigel Crawhall, is due to be put on a website in English, French and Spanish. Afrikaans versions were produced for the community and government officials. The UNESCO support included training for San fieldworkers to run workshops for the community and government on the concepts and content of CRAM. These workshops were well received by all who attended. WIMSA was particularly proud to see young San people taking such an active role in cultural resource management.

museums
A series of meetings was held with the Department of Arts and Culture, and museums in Kimberley, Upington and Cape Town. CRAM is providing materials to the museums and will work to create livelihood-related projects of cultural heritage interpretation run by San community members in Upington.

evaluation of CRAM
CRAM was evaluated by consultants from the Department for International Development (DFID) and by project assessors for the United Kingdom funder Comic Relief. The results were encouraging. Open Channels, SASI, the San fieldworkers and leadership, have worked to define a livelihoods strategy drawing on CRAM for the coming five years. A grant proposal has been prepared and is being submitted for consideration.

The Legal Programme

The legal programme of an activist service organisation such as SASI is expected to articulate and forge succeeding levels of rights for its beneficiaries. After it has initiated such a process, the organisation assumes a less central role as the subsequent development programmes occupy the new spaces provided by those rights. Certain of the activities described below are first phase challenges designed to create an appropriate rights base for the San. Others are more in the nature of an integrated legal service designed to support SASI's cultural, educational and other development programmes.

Rights To Land

The following three cases represent vastly different situations involving land rights. In the ‡Khomani land rights case, the legal programme celebrated a landmark victory in 1999, and is currently engaged in extending the land use rights to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. In the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, SASI and the other stakeholders face the challenge of a belligerent Botswana Government determined to extinguish the ancient land rights of the San residents. Finally, the "Secret San" of KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern seaboard of South Africa have been scattered and decimated to the point where they have no access to land, and the legal programme attempts to ascertain how their rights to land and development may be secured.

The ‡Khomani San Land Claim

Following the transfer of 38 000 hectares of farmland to the San in 1999, and after a period during which the completion of the negotiations of rights in and to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park were placed on hold, the period under review commenced with negotiations between the San and the SA National Parks. The San's Northern Cape neighbours, the Mier community, were at the negotiating table as allies and in some respects as competitors for certain rights. The San Communal Property Association appointed a subcommittee comprised of seasoned negotiators as well as others renowned for their intimate knowledge of the Park, and SASI's challenge was then to integrate an aggressive assertion of rights with understanding of their long-term relationship with the Mier.
The negotiating team ensured that their claims were thoroughly supported by the Cultural Resource and Management (CRAM) programme of SASI (see page x). This provided a range of land use rights (hunting, gathering, access to significant or sacred sites), which were to be the basis of the legal agreement determining the rights of the San in their traditional hunting grounds, the former Kalahari Gemsbok National Park.

the ‡Khomani San Position

The negotiating position of the ‡Khomani San was the following:
1. Ownership was claimed over the 26 000-hectare portion of the Park south of the Auob River and adjoining Twee Rivieren rest camp. This large area would be deproclaimed formally from the National Park, and registered as a "contract park" under the National Parks Act. The San would be relatively free to utilise the land in a wide range of ways, including for ecotourism. It was intended that the rights in the San contract park would mirror those of the Mier community adjoining them to the West, and would be managed in a mutually supportive manner.

2. A priority commercial use zone was identified, which covered the large area between the two contract parks and the game-rich Auob River valley. The San required a commitment that they would benefit from any commercial use in this area, such as a game lodge, game drives or special concessions. The degree to which the San were required to enter into partnership with the South African National Parks became subject to debate and negotiation; the San attempted to achieve maximum benefit with minimum restrictions. The ‡Khomani were provided with a one half share of the business opportunity comprising the commercial tourism lodge concession situated at the confluence of the Auob and Nossob Rivers. This is guaranteed to provide the San with jobs and benefits in the future.

3. A symbolic and cultural rights zone was identified, which included the previous commercial use zone, and extended over the original 4 000 square kilometer ‡Khomani land claim. The San requested to enter this area, subject to Park controls for the purpose of security, in order to carry out a wide range of cultural and educational practices. It was intended that these rights should be as broad as possible in order to encourage the full participation of the community, especially the elders and the youth: the conveyors and beneficiaries of the culture.

4. A co-operation lodge was suggested. The proposed site is the border between the San and Mier parks and the Kgalagadi Transfronteir Park. The SANParks would readily provide the finance for such a project, which would provide job opportunities for both communities. The proposed lodge would also be a draw card for tourists to the community areas.

challenges
By the end of the period under review, the entire agreement was nearing completion. The bulk of the San's claims had been fully workshopped with the far-flung ‡Khomani communities, and their concerns had been noted. Certain issues, such as precise boundaries, the structure of the agreements, the name of the Park, intellectual property rights to the San culture, whether the San were obliged to allow the Mier access into the Park, and the nature of the San Mier partnership, remained unresolved.

achievements

• The utilisation of land-use maps from the CRAM programme to strengthen the negotiating position of the San
• Regular meetings with the CPA negotiating subcommittee, resulting in a strong negotiating team with a full understanding of what they were claiming on behalf of their community
• A full consultation process with the ‡Khomani community, carried out with the assistance of Farm Africa, in order to ensure ownership of the eventual agreement
• The integration into the negotiating position of principles of joint management learned from a study trip to Australia
• The addressing of inherent negotiating conflicts between the San and Mier delegations, and securing a commitment from both parties to a mutually complementary approach

The Central Kalahari Game Reserve Crisis

The San of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve have occupied their vast and remote territory for an unbroken period of 10 000 years. They are unique in many ways, but primarily in their reliance on the land as hunter-gatherers. Over the past years the Botswana government concluded that these San needed to be "saved" from their remote and "primitive" conditions, and should be moved, by persuasion or force, into the mainstream of Botswana society.
The struggle over the past years to engage the Botswana government in sensible discussions around this issue has been in vain. Actions of international activist NGOs to publicise the plight of these traditional San has only succeeded in increasing the determination of the Botswana government to complete the eviction of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve inhabitants. In many countries of the world, a hunter-gatherer community living in close relationship with an environment that they have inhabited for thousands of years would be regarded as a cultural asset to be engaged with sensitivity and respect. In addition, international conventions asserting the rights of indigenous peoples to occupy their ancient territories form an international consensus. However, these considerations are entirely ignored by the Botswana government.

SASI's Role
SASI contributes towards a small legal team which provides help to the negotiating team. The team is comprised of the residents committee, First People of the Kalahari, and various NGOs. By the end of the period under review it became clear that all attempts to persuade had failed, and that the Botswana Government would not rest until the last resident had been escorted from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve to the soulless resettlement camps outside the reserve.
The minister responsible had confirmed, without any apparent sensitivity as to the human cost of her utterance, that with effect from 31 January 2002, all services to Central Kalahari Game Reserve residents would be terminated. This announcement was perceived by the legal team as being confirmation that a legal challenge would have to be mounted. The team was under no illusions about the hostile reaction that this approach would receive, as the Botswana Government is not accustomed to having its policies challenged in open court.
The period under review concluded with SASI and the legal team making urgent attempts to raise funds and moral support for interdict proceedings designed to restore crucial water and other services to the harassed San residents of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve.

achievements
* The contribution towards the successful negotiations between the negotiating committee and the Department of Wildlife and National Parks
* The participation in an effective network of supportive NGOs in response to the volte face of the Botswana government in its decision to terminate services to residents
* The advocacy of the plight of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve residents on an international level, and raising funds for the campaign

The "Secret San"

The "Secret San" is the title assumed by many of the San groups of KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern seaboard. These groups have been identified over the past years and encouraged to confidentially acknowledge their existence to SASI. They usually provide their names on condition that their "San-ness" be kept secret from the communities around them, for fear of retribution and discrimination.
The San were until recently commonly regarded as being extinct in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Seaboard. However recent research brought to light that literally hundreds of San, still characteristically small of limb and light of skin, lived on the outskirts of Zulu society in Natal, often shunned as "Abathwa" or "small people". SASI commenced a programme to assist with the identification of core groups of San, and designed to inform them that far from being an issue of shame, a San identity should be regarded with pride in the changing world.

challenges
Most individuals who were contacted, short in stature and unmistakably of San descent, denied any San origin. After careful explanation that it would not be held against them in any way, they grudgingly admitted their San-ness and showed an interest in learning more about their culture and origin. Whilst some of the older individuals still hold memories of cave dwelling and hunting with bows and arrows, the San culture in KwaZulu-Natal has been submerged to a point at which it is probably not recoverable. However the "Secret San" are an important link with the San past, and SASI intends to incorporate them into our development plans in the most appropriate way.

achievements

• The establishment of a primary database of over 200 San individuals, living in twelve or more locations on the eastern Seaboard
• The formation of a team comprising a researcher, a fieldworker and a legal co-ordinator.
• The commencement of the process of advising the "Secret San" of their cultural rights as members of the broad San community
  

Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights are the focus of increasing attention internationally. The commercial value of heritage, songs, myths, images, traditional medicinal knowledge and indigenous peoples' art requires indigenous peoples to protect this body of knowledge as a newly appreciated asset. The San are steadily developing capacity in this regard.
This aspect of the legal programme consists of diverse components. These include participating in international forums and drafting conventions on heritage rights for indigenous peoples, negotiating with film-makers, researchers, musicians, commercial photographers, and other stakeholders and identifying and acting assertively on cases where the San's intellectual property rights are breached.
Various important film and book contracts were negotiated in order to ensure that the interests of the San were protected. For the first time San music contracts were concluded ensuring that various traditional songs that have been commercialised were fully protected by international copyright law. In addition, the SASI ethno-botany project with the ‡Khomani San deals with valuable traditional medicinal knowledge, which needs to be properly protected before being allowed into the public domain.

The Hoodia Succulent

During the period under review, a new issue emerged that presented a novel challenge to SASI as well as to the WIMSA. A desert succulent called the Hoodia, used by the San since time immemorial for the reduction of thirst and hunger, had been secretly patented in 1996 by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) a South African government research organisation. The commercial rights for the Hoodia plant had been licensed to Pfizer Incorporated (an American multinational pharmaceutical company) for the possible production and marketing as an international 'blockbuster' appetite suppressant drug aimed at reducing obesity. Environmental and Indigenous Peoples' NGOs immediately seized on the issue as being a stark example of "biopiracy" by international pharmaceutical companies, as the eventual commercial value of the drug was predicted to be billions of dollars.
SASI was required to assist WIMSA and the San in devising a strategy aimed at claiming moral and legal intellectual property rights to the Hoodia in an international patent law regime that is heavily weighted in favour of the multinationals. In addition, we aimed to provide the San with a realistic and sound set of compensatory arrangements. It was decided that the San interests would best be served by not challenging the fact that the CSIR patents had resulted from the San's prior traditional knowledge. Instead, the San would negotiate with the CSIR in order to ensure that they would benefit from the Hoodia if and when it is successfully commercialised.
The South African San Council began negotiations with the CSIR in October 2001. The negotiations produced a memorandum of understanding in which the parties acknowledged the validity of the other's intellectual property rights. They undertook to negotiate a benefit sharing agreement. Trials on the Hoodia are expected to last for a further three years, and the San might benefit in a variety of ways. Current forms of benefit sharing include growing the plant, assisting in production, bursaries, educational schemes and other forms of scientific co-operation with the CSIR.
The Hoodia case is of considerable importance to indigenous peoples worldwide as well as to associated NGOs, and SASI hopes to receive and share knowledge of the case.

achievements

• The negotiation and finalisation of numerous contracts between the San and filmmakers, authors, journalists, musicians and art entrepreneurs
• The facilitation of the San's initial response to the Hoodia crisis. This involved preliminary research, education, and negotiations with the CSIR
• The formation of a South African San negotiating team to represent the San in southern Africa, and facilitating the formation of the South African San Council

Heritage and Cultural Rights

Heritage and cultural rights are closely associated with intellectual property rights, and are now seen by the San as in need of urgent advocacy. San leaders are passionate about acknowledging the importance of their heritage in curbing further dissolution of their communities. They acknowledge willingly that they have been negligent or naïve in allowing their culture to be given away, disseminated and weakened without protection.
During 2001 the National Khoisan Consultative Conference was formed, as an umbrella organisation representing a large array of organisations from the Khoekhoe (Griqua, Nama, Baster) and San groupings. San leaders were concerned at this apparent threat to their culture, in that the name Khoisan was regarded by many as confusing to the public and as 'watering down' the San identity.
SASI contributed towards discussions on culture and identity, at which the San were encouraged to articulate their own San identity. This ability to speak on their own behalf without the intercession of agents and lawyers is regarded as a key component of the San's cultural empowerment. During 2001, the San took part in the planning and management of a major new rock art centre in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, which they will now be better equipped to manage.

challenges
Programmes addressing the dissolution of San culture have focused on educating leaders about intellectual property rights. These programmes have attempted to ensure that communities, whilst engaging with tourism, are not damaged or destroyed. It has been commonly accepted that the San will be unable to articulate their heritage and cultural rights adequately unless they receive sustained practical training.
In addition, WIMSA leaders recognised that their prime heritage assets in the form of rock art and other art assets were being rapidly colonised by academic and commercial entrepreneurs. It was decided that the San needed their own cultural centre, at which they could display their heritage to the world and train their own people to reap the commercial benefits. This decision led to the purchase and formation three years ago of Grootwater farm, known now as the !Khwa ttu Culture and Education Centre.

!Khwa ttu Centre
!Khwa ttu is an ambitious project for the San. !Khwa tuu means 'water pan' in the extinct |Xam language. It aims to represent the unique history, art and culture of all the San peoples of southern Africa (see page x). The legal programme has attempted to provide the legal framework and constitutional foundation to ensure the success of this collaborative project. It will require complex agreements for the !Khwa ttu Centre to borrow artefacts and other artistic collections from provincial museums, as well as to select and acquire the best of rock art displays. SASI communicates regularly with the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) about the development of international laws and conventions regarding cultural property, and religious and symbolic artefacts.

achievements

• The assistance given during negotiations about numerous San media contracts
• The contributions made on behalf of the San towards international developments
• The communications with WIPO
• The participation in the management and development of the !Khwa ttu San Culture and Education Centre
• The initiation of communications with the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg Rock Art Centre, so that the San may become stakeholders in the planning and management of this centre
• The maintenance of a high profile commitment to human rights, in order to discourage previous practices of discrimination and abuse against the San
  

Tourism Management and Training

‡Khomani Sîsen Crafts Project, Southern Kalahari

The Sîsen Crafts project aims to make, promote and market local crafts, to develop creative skills and to train members in bookkeeping, stock-controlling and basic public relations. The project has celebrated its first year with the accolade of being recognised internationally at the Milan World Handcraft Expo in October 2001.
Sîsen is still growing and has recently been named the "model craft project" for the Northern Cape. These successes can be ascribed to the pride and hard work that the members and facilitators of the project put into the venture.
From an initial sixteen members, the project currently has fifty-eight members. Most of these receive a regular income from their work in the project. Not only do members of the project benefit directly from project activities, but about eight non-members within the community indirectly receive a regular income by providing raw materials to the crafters.
Ongoing training in craft making, as well as in bookkeeping and general administration, are still high on Sîsen's priority list. About twenty members of the project, as well as other individuals within the broader community, attend English classes conducted by Nanette Fleming.
The project has recently attracted funding from the Department of Arts, Science and Technology and the Northern Cape Arts and Culture Council for the next two years. This funding has allowed expansion of the project to include constructing a building for the project. The building will include a shop and office and the funds make provision for a vehicle and equipment. Building is expected to begin in July 2002 and will be completed by the end of October - to coincide with Sîsen Crafts Project's second birthday. Nearly all the members of the project will be actively involved in the actual building process.

achievements

• The creation of the Sîsen Committee, consisting of four democratically chosen craft members, has successfully facilitated the resolution of problems facing the project
• The crafts being made in the project are of a high quality as crafters strive to improve their work through the application of quality control measures
• The growth in confidence, dignity and pride among many members is patently evident. It is clear that products are being crafted of which not only the San but the whole of South Africa can be proud

The South African San Institute In the Region

The Development of San Languages and Education

Language

In April 2001, twenty-six San people from Botswana, South Africa and Namibia came together under the auspices of WIMSA at the Penduka Training Centre in Windhoek. Their task was to study the issue of alphabet standardisation in Ju and Khoe languages with specific focus on ||Anikhwe, Khwe and !Xun languages. The conference was facilitated by SASI. The group consisted of specialists on San language, oral history and education. Key recommendations made at this conference were:

• The !Xun people adopt the existing Ju|'hoansi alphabet used in Namibia as the !Xun language has not previously been written
• The !Xun people will spell their name according to the correct orthography, i.e. !Xun and not !XU, !Kung or Kung
• The alphabet now be called the Ju alphabet and be used for both the !Xun and Ju|'hoansi languages
• Speakers of Khwedam, including both Khwe and ||Anikhwe, modify their working alphabet with the assistance of researchers from the University of Cologne. The new orthography is to replace unnecessarily complicated letters and creates nasalisation in the manner of Khoekhoegowab
• The language be known as Khwedam and the people as Khwe. Work on the Khwedam language will respect the diversity of the language and identity of the people, giving particular recognition to the ||Anikhwe language variety. The old spelling Kxoe and Kxoedam is inappropriate and does not represent the new integrated spelling system

Governments, the media and the public should have greater awareness and respect for San peoples' languages and cultures. The media should stop projecting stereotypes of San peoples, portraying us as speaking one language and living in a stereotyped manner.
The San peoples reaffirm our distinct heritages and identities and reject being placed under the label Khoisan along with people who do not speak our languages or share our traditions and customs. The media should be more responsible when reporting about San peoples and speak to our representative organisations and spokespersons.
Extract from the Penduka Declaration, May 2001

Education

In May 2001 SASI was represented at the First Regional San Education Conference held in Okahandja, Namibia. San representatives, NGOs, government ministries, researchers and donors attended this event. The conference focused on sharing experiences, exploring options for co-operation and the development of a regional strategy between the three participating countries Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
Topics addressed during the conference were: early childhood development, mother tongue education, materials development, alternative education programmes, socio-cultural issues, non-formal and adult education. Terms of reference were also developed for a regional task force. The body will oversee the implementation of a regional education strategy.
In March 2002 a follow-up meeting was hosted by the Northern Cape Education Department to discuss progress made in the three countries and to discuss the action plan for 2002. A key outcome of the conference was that the regional task force was named the Southern African San Education Forum (SASEF). This body will consist of three to four representatives from each of the three countries. Dr. Theo Kamupingene, Namibian ITFEMC Chairperson, was nominated to serve as the first chairperson of this body.

!Khwa ttu

"A celebration of the San culture, present and past"
"A celebration of the San culture, present and past" is the theme of the San-owned tourism project !Khwa ttu, the San Culture and Education Centre. The Centre is a legal entity and a joint undertaking between the San, represented by the organisations WIMSA, SASI and Meerkat Community Development (a Section 21 company registered not for gain). The project has full legal standing and a constitution covering management and control of the project (see page x).

aims
The Culture and Education Centre of the San aims to:

• Restitute and display the heritage of the San as contained in their culture, history, folklore, visual arts, cosmology and language
• Educate the general public about the world of the San
• Provide training to the San in entrepreneurship, tourism, health, community development, craft production, marketing and gender issues

The institutional capacity of !Khwa ttu has steadily developed since the inception of the project in 1999. The management committee of the project comprises a trustee of the South African San Institute, the co-ordinator of WIMSA, the legal representative of the San in South Africa, the director of Montebello Design Centre and the CEO of the Centre. The San, as beneficiaries and residual owners, are fully consulted with regard to each policy or development decision. The books are subject to an annual audit.
The project includes many aspects of the San's cultural development, including an interpretation of history, folklore, visual arts, cosmology and language with the assistance of multi-media and museum presentations. The running of an art and craft sales outlet, a restaurant, cultural demonstrations and nature experiences are planned for the future.
!Khwa ttu acts as an information centre and schools, universities and individuals will be invited to visit !Khwa ttu to learn about and enjoy the San culture. Once the Centre has opened to the public, it would become sustainable. It is the goal that all profits generated from entrance fees, craft sales and activities like guided nature walks and drives, cultural performances and camping will be redistributed to San development in the region.

the land
In 1999 a donation was used to purchase Grootwater Farm, a former wheat farm 70 kms north of Cape Town, for the establishment of the Centre. !Khwa ttu has been zoned as a nature reserve of 850 hectare. This was once part of the vast territory of the |Xam Bushmen, who were exterminated by the frontier settlers and European diseases in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesy.
The rugged beauty of the mostly undeveloped West Coast is well known to visitors who come to admire the flora that covers the windblown hills and rim the dunes on isolated beaches. In addition, the site has a breathtaking view over Table Mountain to the south.
The farmyard has attractive attributes: many old sturdy, simple buildings are being developed to suit the needs of the project. The beautiful surroundings enhance the creation of a special cultural experience. The land with its vast openness, rocky outcrops and a variety of antelope species offers exciting nature activities and experiences.

alien clearing
Restoring the land is an important part of the development of the project. The invasion of alien trees for more than thirty years has had a considerable negative impact on the land, ground water and the natural vegetation. Invader alien plants cover a total of 400 hectare of the farm. To date, 35 hectares have been cleared and a follow-up spraying of the regrowth has been completed. Eight San from Schmidtsdrift and Welkom (Siyanda District) have been involved in the alien clearing and veld restoration.
The San work very closely with their environment and so there has been a great interest in maintaining and re-establishing the indigenous plant and animal life to that area. The attempts to eradicate the alien trees, to re-seed the natural vegetation and to introduce specific game species have had a positive impact on the natural environment. The clearing also provides employment and income-generating opportunities for the San. Because the farm is close to Cape Town, there is a market for the firewood
Re-establishing fynbos in the core area which houses the museum, accommodation, the tourism and training area is essential to the success of the project especially from a tourism and educational point of view. Re-establishing fynbos on the old lands and cleared alien areas has also been undertaken. This task was done by picking seed from existing fynbos in the surrounding area and planting the seed on the old lands and cleared areas.
This clearing and restoration work was tendered out on contract, allowing capacity building within the local community. !Khwa ttu has the support of the Department of Agriculture and the Working for Water programme.

the buildings
The existing buildings are of historical value and it was necessary to acquire the permission of the South African Heritage Resource Agency to undertake the restoration work. Buildings that have been renovated to date include: San trainee cottages that can accommodate up to twenty-five trainees, a guest house for trainers, a house for the co-ordinator and a training building that houses offices, an arts and crafts studio and classrooms.
The primary objective of the renovation and construction work is to train the San in building skills such as brick laying, carpentry, plasterwork, basic plumbing and painting. The aim is to allow the San apprentices to get sufficient experience so that they are able to train others and to find employment at the end of the training period. During 2001, ten San trainees have been involved in the building and renovations.

water and electricity
The development of the centre was hampered by a lack of water as a result of an insufficient supply of electricity. The water and electricity reticulation was in a desperate state of disrepair. In the past, wind-driven pumps secured the water supply. In order to supplement to the water needs, water had to be carried by vehicle and containers.
The water requirements of the project are now being met after the installation of an electrical submersible pump in the newly established borehole. This allows water to be extracted from the underlying Grootwater Aquifer. The existing electrical reticulation has been upgraded. The electrical upgrading not only provides energy to pump water but will also supply reliable and safe electricity for the centre.

the training
Individual San trainees come to !Khwa ttu on a rotation system and participate in the running and management of the Centre while learning the tourism industry, arts and craft and the heritage of the San. The rotational system allows for many communities in the region to benefit from the project and for the knowledge to spread to all the San in southern Africa.
The follow diagram is the indication of the number of trainees who attended !Khwa ttu during the 2001 period:

No of trainees	F	M	San group	Place/region	Country
6	3	3	Ju|hoansi	Omeheke Region	Namibia
11	4	7	5 !Xun 6 Khwe	Schmidsdrift	South Africa
6	3	3	!Khomani	Siyanda District	South Africa
23	10	13

!Khwa ttu strives to transmit new skills to the San trainees. These skills will enable them to seek employment or start projects of their own once they return home. Training also includes English communication courses and special crafts projects. San trainees are involved in the general maintenance of the nature reserve (water pumps, roads, vehicles, game management). They have also built miles of games fences.

heritage and culture
San organisations are starting to focus on issues that touch the spiritual, artistic and historic nature of what it means to be San. A San committee has been elected by the WIMSA AGM to monitor and assist the cultural and heritage work in the region. This Regional San Heritage and Culture Committee consists of groups of three San people from Namibia, South Africa and Botswana. The committee acts as a reference group for culture and heritage issues in the region including the development issues of !Khwa ttu.

The South African San Institute Internationally

Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC)

The Indigenous Peoples Of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC) was legally created in 1997. It is a membership organisation of African indigenous people's organisations. Its purpose is to support indigenous peoples in having an impact on international forums in order to realise their human rights and rights to self-determination.
2001-2002 was an important year for IPACC. The third bi-annual election of the IPACC Executive Committee took place in Geneva, Switzerland. A dynamic team was elected including a new Chair, Hassan Id Belkassm (Morocco), and Deputy Chair, Mary Simat (Kenya).
San delegates attending the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations included a number of young activists: Joram |Useb, Mathambo Ngakaeaja, Magdalena Kassie and Tomsen Nore. They succeeded in having IPACC elect the first San regional representative. Mathambo Ngakaeaja is now the indigenous representative to the IPACC Executive Committee for the Southern African Region.

african representatives
Another key event was the election of an African representative to the UN's Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. This is a new high-level structure within the UN system where indigenous people can, for the first time, have a voice equal to that of state representatives. The purpose is to monitor and review the situation of indigenous peoples around the planet, to improve the co-ordination and responsiveness of the UN and other international bodies.
The election of an African civil society representative was a difficult affair. IPACC officially stepped aside from the organising so that an impartial working group could guide the process. This was not successful and in the end IPACC was given a mandate to organise the logistics for an election during the World Conference against Racism in Durban in August 2001.
After several days of deliberation under the watchful eye of international indigenous observers the African caucus elected Dr Ayitegan Kouevi, a Togolese lawyer who has been IPACC's francophone legal adviser since its inception. This meeting was generously supported by the International Work Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), with additional support from Norwegian Church Aid and other agencies.

achievements
IPACC held its most ambitious organisational development and planning meeting in Rabat, Morocco, in March 2002. With the able facilitation of Davine Thaw, the IPACC executive developed a clear vision and mission statement, and a three-year activity plan.
The Executive's emphasis is on communication between grassroots community organisations and the highest levels of the UN. It will prove a major challenge to IPACC to assist activists to turn this aim into a reality. The existence of the Permanent Forum should be a valuable catalyst.
From January 2002, IPACC became a fully independent trust, legally separating from SASI. The IPACC Executive expressed its gratitude for SASI's support over the last four years.
The IPACC website was launched in 2002: http://www.ipacc.org.za

Workshops and Conferences In the period under review

WHAT                       WHEN                        WHY                              WHO
World Court of Women against War, for Peace	March 2001	International Conference where women highlighted the effects of war on women and children, and solutions for peace were proposed.	Awelina Chifako (South Africa), Translation: Meryl-Joy Wildschut, (SASI)
19th Session of UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations in Geneva	23  27 July 2001	Representation on the Permanent Forum and the compilation of a Special Report on Indigenous issues.	Regional Delegation: Joram |Useb (Namibia), Mathambo Ngakaeaja (Botswana), Magdalena Kassie and Tomsen Nore (South Africa)
Training session at International Training Center of Indigenous Peoples in Greenland, Sisimiut	31 August - 13 September  2001	Participants learn about the value of networking, conflict resolution, international standardisation, general negotiation and communication.	Tomsen Nore (SASI)
TRIPS on Trail	15  19 September 2001	To provide examples of the implications that international trade agreements have on local communities. i.e Hoodia Plant of the !Khomani San.	Andries Steenkamp (WIMSA) Eleanor McGregor (SASI)
Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas in Africa: From Principle to Practice	September 2001	To encourage dialogue between indigenous peoples and conservation bodies. To encourage the implementation of new internationally agreed conservation principles which recognises indigenous rights to land and resources. To involve indigenous peoples in decision-making.	Presenters: Joram |Useb (Namibia), Petrus Vaalbooi (South Africa), Translation: Eleanor McGregor (SASI)
Training in radio Norway, Tromso	November 2001	Development of a radio programme about Law and Development in South Africa.	Tomsen Nore (SASI)
Milan World Handcraft Expo	October 2001	To exhibit and sell craft from Sîsen  Craft market.	!Khomani Sîsen Crafters and Betta Steyn
World Conference against Racism	September 2001	Adressing racism, xenophobia and race-related intolerance, recognising challenges and prospects for combating racism and intolerance.	Attendance by San delegates facilitated by SASI and IPACC on behalf of WIMSA: Mario Mahongo and Tressel (South Africa), Victoria Geingos (Namibia), Mathambo Ngakaeaja (Botswana)

Acronyms used in this Review

CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve
CPA Communal Property Association (Land settlement trusts)
CRAM Cultural Resources Auditing Management Project
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
DACST Department of Arts, Culture and Science Technology
DFID Department for International Development
DLA Department of Land Affairs
IKS Indigenous Knowledge Systems
IPACC Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee
IWGIA Work Group on Indigenous Affairs
KGNP Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
KTP Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
PanSALB Pan South African Language Board
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
SADC Southern African Development Community
SANP South African National Parks
SASEF Southern African San Education Forum
SASI South African San Institute
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
WIMSA Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organisation
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